The Use of Immorality in Order to Achieve Popular Rule Essay -- essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout The Prince and The Discourses of Livy, Niccolo Machiavelli demonstrates multiple theories and advocacies as to why popular rule is important to the success of a state. Popular rule is a term that will be used to define an indirect way to govern the people of a state. In order to rule the masses, a leader must please the people or revolts will occur, causing mayhem and a lack of stability in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s state. During both written works, Machiavelli stresses the importance of obedience and order needed for a state, and especially for a leader to be successful. Machiavelli thoroughly states that anything and everything must be done to keep the peace of the masses, even if acts of immorality are used. However, instead of advocating immorality, Machiavelli is saying that to serve the people and the state well, a ruler must not restrict himself to conventional standards of morality. His use of immoral tactics in leadership would appear to be unpopu lar; however the acts of immorality have limitations and are done solely to avoid displeasing the masses or creating disorder. Therefore it is acceptable to practice immorality if it is done only to a small number of constituents, if it is not repeated, and if it is performed to please and benefit the public. It is these limitations that prove Machiavelli is arguing that the use of immoral tactics, to rule the people and in turn be ruled by the people, is needed. He suggests that if the majority of the population is unhappy with a leader, that particular leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule would be in jeopardy, thus falling victim to popular rule.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first justification for the use of immorality is that it is only practiced upon a small number of residents. Machiavelli summarizes that it is better for a ruler to be immoral to a few of his subjects and prevent disorder from spreading because disorder will damage the community as a whole more than it will damage a few individuals in isolated acts of immorality. The priority of the leader is to maintain order and act to prevent disorder because, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the whole community suffers if there are riots, while to maintain order the ruler only has to execute one or two individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (51). Citizens of a community would much rather live in a peaceful and orderly world which exemplifies how a ruler is actually a slave to the people. It... ...rder, brought unity and made the state as a whole law abiding and peaceful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overall Machiavellià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective does seem harsh and cold at times, but he proves to be an avid supporter of popular rule throughout his writings. He believes in popular rule so strongly that he states it is acceptable to use immoral means to achieve a peaceful government. If the citizens are not happy and feel their ruler disregards their wishes then the populace could become enraged and therefore, the ruler would not be executing his power of indirect popular rule. Machiavelli states that in order to achieve the necessity of popular rule, a leader will have to step outside a moral sphere and do whatever it takes to achieve popular rule. Machiavelli puts clear and strict limits on acts of immorality in leadership. The use of immorality is only acceptable in order to achieve overall good for a government. Engaging in immorality for the sake of popular rule is justified because it is done to serve the people and the state successfully. Works Cited Machiavelli. Selected Political Writings. Trans: David Wooton. Indianapolis: Hackett,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1994.

Distracted While Driving

Distracted While Driving Virtually anyone who has a driver’s license has been introduced to the idea that distracted driving causes accidents. However, the consequences of distracted driving are far more than just predictable and often taken lightly. Predictable events can be avoided. Since these are predictable events they are preventable. The choices that drivers make affect more people than they may realize, thus making them responsible for the consequences that result from those choices.On a daily basis more than 15 American deaths and another 1,200 injuries are attributed to drivers that are distracted while driving on the very roads most of us use every day (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, page 7). Distractions can be controlled at a minimum by drivers that make the choice to drive responsibly. There are three types of distractions that have been labeled as the â€Å"triple threat† to driving; Visual distraction, manual distraction, and cognitive distraction ar e the makeup of this triple threat (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, page 6).Paying more attention to texting than to crossing the street or driving a car portrays a visual distraction that can result in dire consequences. Texting has proven to take at least part of the driver’s visual focus away from the task of driving in order to read or send a text message (Gardner, page 1). Contents of text messages usually require the driver’s visual focus, even if for just a few seconds. The visual awareness is negatively affected when this happens because the driver is no longer watching the road and cannot react to unforeseen events in a timely manner.Elevated risks of being in an accident that involves texting while driving presents a serious public safety hazard. â€Å"This problem may become more severe as more texting teens become licensed drivers, and more adults add text messaging to their battery of cell phone communication abilities† (Gardner, page 1). The mor e attention that is paid to texting means that more attention is being diverted from performing activities that require visual perception, and which can escalate to manual distractions (Gardner, page 3).One or both hands off the wheel of a car while driving is most often related to multi-tasking, and is considered a manual distraction that is categorized as a â€Å"preventable† contributor (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, page 6). Preventable driving behaviors that include dialing, talking and listening to cell phones contribute to road hazards at alarming rates. Delays in reacting to potential hazards while driving caused by preoccupations with mobile communications result in accidents that are often times more severe to the drivers and passengers involved in the accident.Additional contributing factors to manual distractions are the use of GPS navigation systems, eating, drinking, and bending down to grab something off of the floor or inside a handbag while driving. Mult i-tasking while driving is often dictated from our hectic lives at the cost of injury to ourselves or to others in correlation with both manual and cognitive distractions. Cognitive distractions occur when a driver’s mind is not focused on driving.Listening to a favorite radio station, talking to another passenger, and being preoccupied with issues pertaining to work or family formulate a distractive environment for a driver. Drivers who talk on cell phones are four times more likely to crash than non-distracted drivers (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, page 7). This means that driving while talking on a cell phone is as risky as driving while drunk. Cognitive overload is described as being out of sync with the rhythm of the road and the rhythm of talk (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, page 7).There are five tips on how to avoid common driving distractions: turn off your cell phone, use a hands free device only in cases of emergency, make sure all passengers have a safety belt equipped, eat before or after you drive, and program your GPS before you leave your driveway or parking lot. If you have to deal with any of these or other issues while driving pull over to the side of the road to address the given situation. Following these steps can assist in preventing the loss of life due to distracted driving.The cognitive distractions caused by the use of mobile phones while driving usually cause vehicular accidents to be more severe, however there are steps that can be taken to improve both personal and public safety; it’s up to us to take those steps (Professional Safety, page 1). Visual, manual and cognitive distractions that occur simultaneously while driving are a recipe for vehicular related fatalities involving American teenagers, and often times unsuspecting victims as a result (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, page 6).Hand-held cell phones involve visual distraction while dialing, manual distraction while holding the phone, and cognitiv e distraction throughout the whole use of the device (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, page 7). Informing old drivers and introducing new drivers to the dangers of being distracted while driving may raise support in preventing the use of hand held devices while driving. If our society does nothing to stress the importance of awareness while driving, the fatality statistics will only become more severe each passing month.It can be very tempting to answer the cell phone, respond to a text message, reprogram the GPS, and perhaps even grab that bite to eat on the way to work but is the risk worth the cost? Resisting the temptation and focusing on the road will enable a driver to react to unexpected events and maybe avoid a collision with another unsuspecting driver. Personal responsibility ultimately is the solution to distracted driving and contributes to saving lives. â€Å"Just as it is no longer socially acceptable to drive without a seat belt, or drive drunk, it must no longer b e acceptable to text while driving† (Gardner, page 10).Driving is a demanding visual, manual, and cognitive activity that has no room for multi-tasking in it without risk to someone’s life or injury (Harvard Men’s Health Watch, page 7). References Distracted driving: Fast lane to disaster. (May 2012). Harvard Men’s Health Watch, 16(10), 6-7. Distracted Driving Problem Extends Beyond Texting. (February 2012). Professional Safety, 57(2), 24. Gardner, L. A. (November 2010). Wat 2 do abt txt’n & drv’n (aka: What to do about the problem of texting while driving? ). CPCU Ejournal, 63(11), 1-13.

Autistic Essay Example for College Students - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3122 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Autism Essay Did you like this example? Challenges and Approaches Introduction In the modern age it is seen to be increasingly important that schools adopt inclusive education policies which support children, no matter what their individual needs (Department for Education and Skills: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, 1999), in being able to attend their local school (Dash, 2006). Undoubtedly, there is still a good deal to be done to implement fully inclusive policies (Office for Standards in Education [Ofsted], 2004), although practitioners and educational establishments are much more aware of their responsibilities with regard to children who have special needs. The catalyst for this was the Every Child Matters initiative which emphasised the need for children to be taught skills which enabled them to remain healthy and safe, to be able to enjoy and achieve, to make an active, positive contribution and to be able to work towards being financially stable in their future lives (Department for Education and Skills [DfES], 2004a). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Autistic Essay Example for College Students" essay for you Create order This documentation, which culminated with the Childrens Act of 2004, built upon the work of the Warnock Report (1978) and the subsequent Education Acts of 1981 and 1996. These documents provided specific definitions of what it was to have special needs and allocated responsibilities to specific bodies within local authorities for the first time. It became apparent that it was essential to provide children, and indeed families, with the skills necessary for them to be able to succeed (Knowles, 2009) which involved the removal of any/all barriers to learning (Booth et al., 2000) through the provision of integrated services (DfES, 2004b). Critical to children being able to participate fully and to experience a degree of success (Mittler, 2000), is practitioners of awareness of their approaches towards teaching children and the creation of positive learning environments (Corbett, 2001) which will facilitate equal opportunities for all in their classroom (Department for Education and Skil ls (DfES): Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA), 1999; Disability Discrimination Act, 2001; Disability Act, 2001). Although a good deal of progress has been made, there are still indications are that more needs to be done to facilitate the needs of individual children through personalising the curriculum for those who have special needs, particularly in the areas of literacy and key skills (Ofsted, 2004). Although it is acknowledged that all children, inclusive of those with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), must be afforded the opportunity to attend mainstream schools (Ainscow, 1997), there is a lack of recognition of the difficulties that practitioners face with regard to catering for the diverse needs of all children with whom they are faced in the classroom. This essay aims to highlight the needs and challenges of catering for those with ASD and discuss some of the strategies and approaches that are available for practitioners use in the classroom environment. Definition of Terms Autism has been described as a life-long disability which affects development which manifests in children during the first three years of their lives (Ritvo and Freeman, 1977), although for many their condition is not always immediately obvious, leading it to be referred to as a hidden disability (Rosenblatt, 2008). The root of the term is in the Greek autos or self and refers to the tendency for those who have the condition to isolate themselves from others and engage in self-centred thought processes (Volkmar and Klim, 2005). Its use was initiated by Bleuler, a Swiss psychologist, although the first descriptions of the condition were provided by Kanner (1943) and Asperger (1944). It was their opinion that the condition was present from birth, manifesting itself through characteristic problems such as difficulty with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and repetitive behaviors (Autism Speaks, 2015a, para 1; endorsed by Frith, 2003; Evans et al. , 2001) for which Wing (1988) coined the term the Triad of Impairments. It was the work of Wing and Gould (1979) and Wing (1996) which was the foundation of looking at autism as a spectrum of disorders, as a result of children being found to have difficulties across a diverse range of skills including those of social interaction, communication and imagination. The publication of the DSM-5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013) saw all autism disorders being merged intoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ one umbrella diagnosis of ASDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [whereas] previously, they were recognised as distinct subtypes, including autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger syndrome (Autism Speaks, 2015a, para 1). Worth (2005) also highlights the fact that those with the condition can have an excellent rote memory, an over sensitivity to sensory stimulus, a lack of coordination and difficulties with mo tor development. Challenges One of the many challenges for ASD is its diagnosis, which necessitates the recognition of difficulties in each of the areas listed above. Worth (2005) makes the point that ASD is pervasive (it has an effect on all aspects of an individuals life), developmental (begins in infancy and affects every area of development) and it is lifelong. Research into the condition (Szatari, 2003) indicates that there are a variety of factors which could influence it, such as specific genes (Foster, 2007; Autism Speaks, 2015a) although it is recognised that there is no one, definitive cause. Since the latter part of the last century there have been increased numbers of individuals who have been diagnosed with ASD but it is a matter of debate as to whether this is the result of a greater breadth within its classification or increased awareness and willingness on the part of medical practitioners to make an early diagnosis (Powell et al., 2000). Another challenge which those with the condition face a re the misconceptions about how it can affect their lives. ASD can show itself in different ways some have learning issues whereas others display talents and gifts which can be utilised (Sicile-Kira, 2013); talents include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ auditory memory, good procedural memory (that is, being able to picture how to do things), visual special understanding, and visual motor co-ordination (Siegel, 2003, p. 78). Autism Speaks (2015a) state that approximate 40% of those on the spectrum have average to above average intellectual ability, whilst others have significant issues which mean that they need to be supervised constantly. Currently, there is no medical test which can be used in order to diagnose autism, although specifically trained medical practitioners are able to conduct behavioural evaluations which are specific to autism. Typically, these are conducted with children below the age of three where children have been identified by parents and Early Years practitioners as lackin g in their development. However, some individuals who have ASD are only identified later in life as a result of learning, emotional and/or social issues (Autism Speaks, 2015b). Identification of the condition will enable practitioners to evaluate an individuals strengths and weaknesses (Cross, 2004), ideally at as early a stage as possible. Communication is vital to the development of children, which makes the identification of issues critical (Cross, 2004) to their overall well-being. It is important that practitioners gather detailed information about specific individuals as opposed to working with generic information (Brooks et al., 2004) with regard to ASD. Schools are able to utilise standard tests such as the Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) to determine childrens general skill levels and verbal ability/performance, providing them with both information and insight into the issues which each child may face (Moore-Brown, 2 006;Wittemeyer et al., 2012). In addition, dynamic assessment is a useful tool in order to develop personalised learning packages and approaches which cater for the needs of specific individuals (Moore-Brown et al., 2006; Reid, 2003). These need to be planned and reviewed on a regular basis, involving practitioners, parents and the children themselves in line with the specifications laid down by the government (Department for Education, [DfE] 2012; DfE/Department of Health, 2014). Approaches The strategies and approaches that can be employed by educators can target specific characteristics within individuals or follow a range of options in order to address a number of issues in a fixed period, although it must be noted that there is no single accepted way to approach the issue of ASD. Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA) is a method which concentrates on pupil behaviour; it can be described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the science in which procedures derived from the principles of behaviour are systematically applied to a meaningful degree and to demonstrate experimentally that the procedures employed were responsible for the improvement in that behaviour (Hudson, 2003 in Ollendick and Schroeder, 2003, p. 36 paraphrasing Baer, Wolff and Risley, 1968). This psychological approach seeks to amend learning behaviour to overcome set behavioural habits (Wolpe, 1985) through observing behaviour (Bailey and Burch, 2002) and applying positive reinforcement (National Autistic Society, 2015) . Another method which makes use of behaviourist principles is that of Discrete Trial Training (DTT); it utilises a structured, routine forming approach to teaching and learning which allows learners to learn desired behaviour through following a distinct pattern in order to achieve their goals, even if stages needs to be repeated or there needs to be engagement with further trials in order to consolidate learning (Luiselli et al., 2008). It is important to both of these methods that parents also interact with their children, engaging in similar reinforcement routines at home, so that they are in receipt of consistent messages at the different environments in which they spend their lives. An interactive approach is also adopted in the Play Approach, which enhances development through play by focusing upon the improvement of thinking skills and communication using symbols, signs and gestures whilst simultaneously improving their interaction with others in a social situation (Roger s et al., 1986). A key worker is involved in building a relationship with individual children with this approach, which is similar to the way in which adults interact with children whilst utilising Communication Approaches such as the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). This particular system is designed in order to improve learners interaction with those around them (Bogdashina, 2005) through using cards rather than language in its initial stages to indicate what it is they wish to say. As they become more confident, they substitute the card for a verbal interaction, thus building up their confidence and competence in using language. Social stories also encourage interaction with those around them, whilst addressing social situations and conventions which learners find difficult (for example, the need to shut the door when they are using the toilet). These stories are designed to describe a situation using where, what and why sentences which provide clues as to the right responses in a given situation, while simultaneously describing the feelings and reactions of the various characters involved in the story, in order that those with ASD can appreciate different perspectives (Plimley and Bowen, 2007). These stories become increasingly complex as children gain in confidence, to the point where they engage with the writing of social stories, which further enhances their communication skills. Social skills can also be improved as a result of schools adopting a buddy system, which allows pupils to provide help for each other at particular times of the day which can prove problematic, such as before school, break and lunch times, during group work and in PE lessons (DfE, n.d.). Childrens behaviour in these situations and their approaches to others can be directly influenced as a result of their peers and practitioners approaching them in the correct way; for example, using simple language, being encouraging, talking directly with them, using diagrams a nd pictures to develop communication skills and utilising some form of home/school diary to aid communication between the school and parents/carers (DfE, n.d.). Learners ability to act appropriately in social situations is also improved by poor behaviour being challenged, and practitioners learning to identify triggers which are the catalyst for changes in behaviour. Learners also need to be provided with a means through which they are able to control their own behaviour; for example, utilising a coloured card in order to be able to take a timeout to calm themselves and through adopting set routines which make ASD children feel comfortable in their environment (DfE, n.d.). Conclusion Every person who has ASD is different and the way in which their condition manifests itself is different. This makes providing for their needs problematic for practitioners in the educational environment as a one size fits all approach will not provide them with opportunities for a truly inclusive education. It is evident that this creates enormous challenges for everyone involved in their education in a variety of different areas cognitive development, social development and social interaction are all key elements of childrens learning which must be addressed in a systematic and clear manner for those who are diagnosed as having ASD. This requires dedication and application from both practitioners and parents to ensure that the childrens needs are recognised in the first instance, and subsequently catered for through the careful design and implementation of strategies which will enable them to find a place within the school community and society as a whole. It is important that e veryone within the school environment/community is aware of the need to accept diversity in all its forms and that they are exposed to appropriate role models to demonstrate this attitude. This begins in classrooms, where teachers can foster tolerant attitudes towards those who experience difficulties and who are deemed to be different, and through a consistent application of the interventions that have been agreed with parents/carers and local authorities. References Ainscow, M. (1997) Towards Inclusive Schooling. British Journal of Special Education 24 (1), pp. 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 6 Autism Speaks (2015a) What is Autism? Retrieved 2nd September 2015 from https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism Autism Speaks (2015b) How is Autism Diagnosed? Retrieved 2nd September 2015 from https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/diagnosis Bailey, J. S., Burch, M. R. (2002) Research Methods in Applied Behaviour Analysis. London: Sage Bogdashina, O. (2005) Communication Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Do We Speak the Same Language? London: Jessica Kingsley Booth, T., Ainscow, M., Black-Hawkins, K., Vaughan, M., Shaw, L. (2000) Index for Inclusion: Developing Learning and Participation in Schools. Bristol: Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education Brooks, V., Abbott, I., Bills, L. (2004) Preparing to Teach in Secondary Schools: A Student Teachers Guide to Professional Issues in Secondary Education. Maidenhead: Open Un iversity Press Cross, M. (2004) Children with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties and Communication Problems: There is Always a Reason. London: Jessica Kingsley Forster, J. (2007) History of Autism. in Bursztyn, A. M. (Ed) The Praeger Handbook of Special Education Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing pp. 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 8 Dash, N. (2006) Inclusive Education for Children with Special Needs. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers Distributors Ltd Department for Education (2012) Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage: Setting the standards for learning, development and care for children from birth to five. London: Department for Education Department of Education (n.d.) Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Guide to Classroom Practice. Autism Working Group Retrieved 30th October 2014 from https://www.deni.gov.uk/asd_classroom_practice.pdf Department for Education/Department of Health (2014) Special educational needs and disability: practice: 0 to 25 years. Stat utory guidance for organisations who work with and support children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities. London: Department for Education/Department of Health Department for Education and Skills (2004a) Every Child Matters: Change for Children in Schools. London: Department for Education and Skills Department for Education and Skills (2004b) Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Putting People at the Heart of Public Services. London: The Stationary Office Department for Education and Skills (DfES): Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) (1999) The National Curriculum: Handbook for Primary Teachers in England KS1 and KS2. London: DFES/QCA Disability Act 2001 Disability Discrimination Act 2001 Education Act 1996 Education Act 1981 Evans, J., Castle, F., Barraclough, S., Jones, G. (2001) Making a Difference: Early Interventions for Children with Autistic Spectrum. Disorders Berkshire: National Foundat ion for Educational Research Frith, U. (1991) Autistic Psychopathy in Childhood. in Frith, U (Ed) Autism and Asperger Syndrome Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp. 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 36 Hudson, A. (2003) Applied Behavior Analysis. in Ollendick, T. H., Schroeder, C. S. (Eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers pp. 35 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 36 Knowles, G. (2009) Ensuring Every Child Matters: A Critical Approach. London: Sage Luiselli, J. K., Russo, D. C., Christian, W. P., Wilcynski, S. M. (2008) Effective Practices for Children With Autism: Educational and Behavioural Support Interventions that Work. Oxford: Oxford University Press Moore-Brown, B., Huerta, M., Uranga-Hernandez, Y., Pena, E.D. (2006) Using Dynamic Assessment to Evaluate Children with Suspected Learning Difficulties. Intervention in School and Clinic 41 (4), pp. 209 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 217 National Autistic Society (2015) Educational Approaches. Retrieved 3rd September 2015 from https://www.autism.org.uk/working-with/education/professionals-in-schools/approaches-myworld.aspx Office for Standards in Education (2004) Special Educational Needs and Disability: Towards Inclusive Schools. London: Office for Standards in Education Plimley, L., Bowen, M. (2007) Social Skills and Autistic Spectrum Disorders. London: Paul Chapman Powell, J. E., Edwards, A., Edwards, M., Pandit, B. S., Sungum-Paliwal, S. R., Whitehouse, W. (2000) Changes in the Incidence of Childhood Autism and Other Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Pre-school Children from two Areas of the West Midlands, UK. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 42, pp. 624 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 628 Reid, G. (2003) Dyslexia: A Practitioners Handbook (3rd Ed) Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J. (1977) National Society for Autistic Children Definition of the Syndrome of Autism. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2(4), pp. 146 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â€Å" 148 Rogers, S. J., Herbison, J., Lewis, H., Pantone, J., Reis, K. (1986) An approach for enhancing the symbolic, communicative and interpersonal functioning of young children with autism and severe emotional handicaps. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood 10, pp. 135 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 148 Rosenblatt, M. (2008)I Exist: The Message from Adults with Autism in England. London: The National Autistic Society Siegel, B. (2003) Helping Children With Autism Learn: Treatment Approaches for Parents and Professionals: A Guide to Autistic Learning Disabilities and Finding the Right Method for Your Childs Learning Style. Oxford: Oxford University Press Sicile-Kira, C. (2013) Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Complete Guide. London: Random House Szatmari, P. (2003) The Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorders. British Medical Journal 326, pp. 173 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 174 Volkmar, F. R., Klin, A. (2005) Issues in the Classification of Autism and Related Conditions. in Volkma r, F. R., Paul, R., Klin, A., Cohen, D. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (3rd Ed) New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc pp. 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 41 Warnock Report (1978) Special Educational Needs: Report to the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People. London: HMSO Wing, L. (1996) The Autistic Spectrum: A Guide for Parents and Professionals London: Constable Wing, L. (1988) The Continuum of Autistic Characteristics, in Schopler, E; Mesibov, G. B. (Eds) Diagnosis and Assessment in Autism New York: Plenum Press pp. 91 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 110 Wing, L., Gould, J. (1979) Severe Impairments of Social Interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 9, 1, pp. 11 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 29 Wittemeyer, K., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Guldberg, K., Hastings, R., Howlin, P., Macnab, N., Parsons, S., Pellicano, L., Slonims, V. (2011) Educational pr ovision and outcomes for people on the autistic spectrum. London: Autism Educational Trust Wolpe, J. (1982) The Practice of Behaviour Therapy. (3rd Ed) New York: Pergamon Worth, S. (2005) Autistic Spectrum Disorders. London: Continuum International Publishing Group

The Problem Of Prison Overcrowding - 1395 Words

Criminal Justice Overview Paper Introduction One the most pressing concerns facing the criminal justice system is prison overcrowding. To examine a nation’s soul, all one has to do is look inside of its prisons. Even though we have 5 percent of the world’s population we have 25 percent of the world’s prison population. The makeup of our prison population range from first time drug offenders to serial killers. Prisons serve a necessary function in society if used properly to keep the worst of the worst of the streets. In the last 40 years prisons has become a hammer where every problem appears to be a nail. This paper will address the root causes of prison overcrowding and what we can do to fix this blight facing our society. Root Causes Over the past 40 years our prisons’ population has steadily increased and some will say that is a good thing. Here is a snapshot of where are today. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics (2014),†More than 1.57 million inmates sat behind bars in federal, state, and county prisons and jails around the country as of December 31, 2013†. According to Richard Rosenfeld a noted criminologist federal prison population as increased by 790 percent since 1980(Flatow, 2013). Over half of those who have been sentenced has been due to drug related crimes. Additionally across the south and southwest of our country 1 percent of the male population is in prison at any given time. When an adult age male is incarcerated that means there is a broken home,Show MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1166 Words   |  5 PagesRealignment Prison overcrowding has always been a problem in California prisons. It has been growing over the year and has now lead the United States Supreme Court to take part in trying to find a solution to this problem. Because of this issue, Plata litigation came through and had a significant impact on the way we see community corrections. The ruling in the Plata litigation in turn lead to AB 109 or The Public Safety Realignment Act to be implemented as a solution to California’s growing problem of overcrowdingRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1767 Words   |  8 PagesHave you ever noticed the serious issue of prison overcrowding? Growth of prison inmates over the years. Since the late 1900 s the prisons have been filling rapidly and that has caused a huge problems in the 2000 s. Overcrowding is not as easy of a fix that everyone thinks it is there is way more to it and it is way more complex. There are many reason that the inmate population continues to grow. Throughout th e years, there has been a huge debate on ways to lower crime rate so there won t be asRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding2447 Words   |  10 PagesPrison overcrowding is a major problem in our criminal justice system and it continues to be a hotly debated topic as to how we should address the problem. One of the main reasons our prison systems have a problem with overcrowding is drugs. More specifically, the war on drugs started by President Reagan in 1982 brought a dramatic increase to the number of people put behind bars for drug offences. Mandatory minimum sentencing and truth in sentencing are two policies which have sent drug offendersRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1598 Words   |  7 Pagessolutions to the major problem of prison overcrowding and argue that the problem of prison overcrowding would not be ending anytime soon, due to the inadequate attempts by state governments to deal with the inhumane living conditions in overcrowded prisons. This articl e relates to the topic because the authors analyze how the federal government and some individual states, such as California and Florida, respond to the constrained resources causing unsuitable conditions in overfilled prisons. This source illuminatesRead MoreThe Overcrowding Problem in Prisons1800 Words   |  7 Pages The number of people held in prison facilities across the world is increasing at a tremendous rate with each passing day. This comprises both the people who have already been sentenced and those that are at the pre-trial stage. The effect of this is an increase in the prison population which leads to the problem of overcrowding (Atabay, 2013). Overcrowding in prisons can be defined as a situation where the number of prisoners in a given penal institution exceeds the official carrying capacityRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding880 Words   |  4 Pages. They get very limited space, making it easier to pass infections or diseases along each individual in the cell. The reason why there is a congestion in prisons is because to construct a cell is very expensive. Each cell in prisons cost about $75,000 to construct. According to the textbook, it would cost approximately 31 million dollars to build a medium security facility. The state tries to overcrowd prisoners in a cell to save money because cells are expensive to build, but on the long run theyRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding Essay1773 Words   |  8 Pagesthe 1980s, the California prison system and parolee population have grown tenfold. This is in great part due to the three strikes law that passed in 1994. This law made it a requirement for any offender convicted of a felony with two previous felonies to go to prison for a minimum of twenty five years. This law sent many people to prison for longer sentences due to non-violent drug offenses, when in actuality they should have been sentenced to rehab. Prison overcrowding is an important topic thatRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past 30 odd years, California’s prison population has grown by 750 percent (â€Å"California’s Perpetuating Prison Crisis†). As this percentage perpetuates to make substantial gains, inmates are suffe ring in confinement cells, officials are negotiating over the issue, and the public is protesting to make their opinions count. The prison crisis has continued to grow over the years, causing a great uproar among all of California’s 32 state prisons. Prison overcrowding has been an increasingly vital issueRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding998 Words   |  4 PagesPrison overcrowding has been seen as an issue since the early 1990’s in California. It all began when California began to aggressively increased sentencing in the late 1980’s and 1990’s in response to a nationwide fear about crime rates. During this time period California â€Å"enacted more than 1,000 laws that increased sentencing in a five-year span to settle these fears† (Fuchs). The effect of these laws resulted in a high prison population when California prisons reached a number of 173,000 by 2007Read MorePrison Overcrowding Is A Serious Problem1448 Words   |  6 PagesPrison overcrowding is a result of the imprisonment of drug users and first time offenders of non-violent crimes. The number of people being incarcerated greatly outweighs the number of prisons across the country. Prison overcrowding is a serious problem beca use it can be dangerous to both prisoners and correction officers. When prisoners are forced to live in crowded situations, the possibility of violence is greater (Oliver 44). Issues such as assaults and rapes can occur when there is not

The Importance Of Friendships In George Orwells 1984

With the holidays approaching, many will gather with friends and loved ones in celebration. In addition to holiday celebrations, most global traditions and cultural norms are centered around relationships. Though relationships can cause both pleasure and dejection, they remain a vital part of human nature. Now imagine a world where these social connections are destroyed by government interference. Imagine that the government permeates every facet of human life. There would be no holiday celebrations surrounded by loved ones, no enjoying the company of family around the dinner table while sharing a meal. Day-to-day lives would be drastically altered. This realization is heightened when one is shown an oppressive government that inhibits†¦show more content†¦Orwell speaks to this issue to emphasize the importance of friendships. In addition to a deficiency in genuine friendships within Orwell’s 1984, family loyalty and dedication is scarce due to strict presence of an oppressive government. An accurate demonstration of this occurs during one of Winston’s flashbacks of his mother. After this memory, Winston â€Å"never saw his mother again†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and, â€Å"this was already becoming normal at the time† (163). This statement represents the notion that even familial ties are not strong enough to withstand an overbearing government such as the one in the novel. Parent-child relationships are considered crucial to children’s development, and oftentimes a mother’s love for her children is considered one of the strongest forces of nature. Connections between parent and child are what separate humans from animals, and they give people an emotional intelligence. Repercussions of potential government strength and the dangers of such strength are highlighted when families are torn apart. 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The three slogans of the party are â€Å"WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†, (Orwell, 7). At first glance, these slogans would appear absurd but after further investigation they ironically couldn’t be more true. War is Peace means that while the country is at war the people’s attention is diverted from seeing the corruption of the government. Nobody rebels against the government because they

Organisational Theory and Behaviour Performance

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Theory and Behaviour Performance. Answer: Introduction: The argument outlines the factor that the motivation is an integral part of maintaining effective employment relations in the organization. There are two types of rewards that can be given to the employees, one is financial and other is non financial rewards to motivate them to perform better in the organization. The organization has their expectations from the each employee. This essay will help to explain all the pros and cons of giving the incentives to the employees in the organization. Also, this essay states about the theories of motivation to evaluate the need of the people and the job satisfaction criteria. Some of the steps can be taken to save the employees from de-motivation. The discrimination may occur if the preference is given to one employee in comparison to the other employees. To meet the goals of the organization, it is very important to analyze the behavior of the employee in the organization. Organizational behavior is basically a process of determining the groups and individual activities in the organization where the employees are working. The Organization behavior is important because all the people, employees and organizations care about it. The organizational behavior matters to engage the employees in the organization goal setting. It promotes the employee relationship and that consequently provides motivation for the employees. The main aim of this approach is to make employees more special and important by involving them into the decision making process to know about their ideas and if these opinions are implemented or supported by the management, then it will be a great source of encouragement for the employees (Baijumon, 2015). There are many challenges faced by the organization that creates problems for the organizational behavior to determin e the needs and working activities of the employees. These challenges include many ethical concerns, environmental factors and technology etc. Talking about the Rewards, some people in the organization are motivated by the financial rewards whereas some of the employees need non-monetary incentives. Thus, it is very essential to determine in what way an employee is motivated. Monetary rewards motivate a huge number of employees in the organization. The organization distributed its profits among the employees working so that they work effectively and efficiently. There are many organizations that have the policy to give bonuses to their employees after every year, six months or even after 3 months and it is totally based on the organization size (Schmitz, 2012). The monetary rewards are in the form of bonuses, increments every year, promotion, increase in the salary etc. some of the employees are also motivated by the means of allowances, remuneration, family insurance and other perks. So the funds like provident fund for the employees should be maintained. Apart from the Monetary rewards, there are employees who do not work for the money or financial rewards as they require non-monetary incentives like performance appraisal, appreciation in front of the organization, gift cards or trophies for the best performance in the organization. The organization needs to organize various employee recognition events to appreciate the employees who performed well in the previous years. Every employee in the organization wants appraisal to work more hard. Some of the organization announced an employee of the month to know the employees that they are very significant for the profitability of the organization. These types of ideas are found very effective for the organization as it is very simple, saving the time and cost of the organization (Team, 2012). The numbers of the non monetary incentives that can be given to the employees to motivate them are: - Monthly, half yearly and yearly conduction of the programs of Employee recognition. Appraisal in front of the other employees of whole organization will lead to the better productivity by all the employees. Gift cards and vouchers for the employees as token of appreciation. Displaying the name of the best employee on the board every month to create a feeling of importance in their hearts and they will work more, to get recognition. The engagement of staff is very important as to increase the productivity and the employee engagement follows some steps like to prepare, include, communicate and then clarify. It is very important that, first of all the employees should be prepared with some ideas or opinions in his mind as the top management will require their participation. Next is to include all the employees in work to achieve the goal of the company. Communication about the information is important to take best decisions and to judge the best performance of the employees. The Clarity of ideas is important that all employees are in the knowledge of needs and interests of the management (Burton, 2012). Each employee must understand their functions and expected results and how they will be measured. The engagement of staff in the organization yields to more results and enhances the team work to work together in a harmony. The Employees are the best tool for taking the right decisions for the company. The incentives are given to all the best performer employees in the organization and that engagement of staff in the work will lead to the innovation of new ideas in the welfare of the organ ization so its better to make the part of the decision making process. The employee engagement in the work will lowers the absenteeism and improves the productivity and morale of the organization. The employee will not leave the organization if the proper incentives and appreciation is given to them so these incentives enhance the employee retention in the organization (Dobre, 2013). Organizational behavior is the process by the means to determine and analyze the needs of employees and different ways to satisfy their needs. Before offering any incentives to the employees, it is very important to analyze the organizational need of the employees. After examining the needs of the workers organization should offer the rewards and encouragement accordingly. In the organizational behavior concepts, there are many theories introduced by the different people. Maslow's hierarchy theory introduce the five levels of needs and the lower level is physiological needs which involves all the basic needs like food, shelter and clothing and these needs are very important to fulfill for the survival. Anothertype of need is safety needs like job security and then comes the emotional need of the people that may include families, friends and affection etc. The esteem needs represent the respect, trust, confidence and achievements. The last one need is about creativity, acceptance of i deas etc. According to Maslow the basic needs must be satisfied only after than the self actualization needs fulfilled (Ganta, 2014). The next theory is introduced by Herzbergs which is a theory of motivation. Herzberg theoryhelps in examining the ways to satisfy people and what not satisfy the people. It is an obvious thing that the source of motivation is not the same as the source of de-motivation. According this theory the factors that motivate the employees of the organization are the motivators and the things which de-motivate the employees refer to as the hygiene factors. Equity theory was established by John Stacey Adams that focus on the fact that every employee in the organization should be considered equal and no biasness among the people occurs because giving the importance to one employee in the organization and avoiding the other employees can de motivate the others. For example, Incentive is offered to one employee in the organization for the best performance but no rewards for the similar performance by the other employee. This is highly de-motivation for the employee and it may lead to give the res ignation by the employee itself. The conflict occurs between the employee and the superior managers of the organization (Sager, 2011). Furthermore, these types of incentives will in the favor of the organization or it may possible that these have a negative impact on the organization performance. There are both pros and cons of motivating the employees by providing the incentives and rewards. The positive effects of these incentives on the organization are like the most important advantage of offering incentives to employees is that employee feels motivated towards the work in the organization and they will work hard to get the motivation again and again. The employee will not leave the organization if the proper incentives and appreciation is given to them so these incentives enhance the employee retention in the organization. Non-monetary incentives save the costs as appreciation and recognition involve no expense (Johnson, 1997). These help in improving the attitude of the employees in the organization. The employees in the organization are much more satisfied in job by receiving increments or bonuses and these h elps them to work harder. The employees of the organization will be goal oriented if financial incentive is given for achieving its targets. Moreover, the incentives and appreciation creates a positive environment for the employees as a result of which it increases the morale of the organization. The loyalty of employees and the organization is something that can buy with money, but employee incentive programs help to make good loyal relations between company and employees. If an employee is motivated and appreciated and employee understands the fact that how important they are for the organization, it will be more likely that they will come up for the company which will automatically reduce the absenteeism of the employees (Kuranchie-Mensah Amponsah-Tawiah, 2016). Furthermore, Team Work is promoted as all the employees collectively motivated to work together to achieve the goals and teamwork leads to efficiency. Also, it is beneficial in reducing the turnover of the organization b ecause the company needs not to hire new employees in the organization. The organization focuses to retain the loyal employees. The drawbacks of the application of the reward system in the organization are shown below: Employee recognition programs and events involve huge expenditure and great efforts and time. The conflict because of the discrimination may occur, if the preference is given to only employee in comparison to the other employee. The conflict between employee and top management is harmful for the success of the company (Shanks, 2011). The employees may leave the organization if they were de-motivated by the discrimination Monetary incentives increase the cost of the organization. The needs of the people are changing on a regular basis and so its recommended to determine the demands of the employees by using several methods. The methods used to analyze the demand of the employees are questionnaires, surveys, interviews etc. This analysis of the employee's demand is only possible by the trained people and experienced management staff. The data is collected by using these methods and then motivate the employees on the basis of their needs and satisfaction level. The organization needs to organize various employee recognition events to appreciate the employees who performed well in the previous years. Every employee in the organization wants appraisal to work more hard. Some of the organization announced employee of the month to know the employees that they are very significant for the profitability of the organization. Suppose the organization offer a non monetary incentive to company employee, but that employee was expecting some monetary or financial reward. This will spoil the main aim of providing the incentives. This is the reason that the company should know what their employees actually want. Only then the various tactics are to be used by the organization to motivate their employees. Motivation is basically inducing the employees to work. It is clear that the manager of the organization is responsible for maintaining the rules and balance in the employee and the organization. The rules made by the company should be simple and justifiable to the workforce. The leaders or the supervisor in the company should be very talented and is capable of handling the team of employees. The managers or superiors should not need to be strict because it may be difficult for the workers to work under pressure. The employees in the organization always work in the positive environment for better results. To motivate the employees more, the management should promote the involvement of the employees in the decision making of the organization (Kuranchie-Mensah Amponsah-Tawiah, 2016). The people or the employees feel highly motivated and special to be the integral part of the organization. Management needs to work in the team. The managers should do the planning and research work to deal with the different situations. The research involves the surveys to maintain the proper data and to analyze the results. The managers should apply the programs in every aspectto make the workplace problem free and all the employees work in a team to get the better results. The training of employees is important to work with diversity because it will help them in adapting the people of different cultures. The one who supervises along with the manager must be honest and work for the profits of the organization and talent management. As we know that the leaders and managers maintain a good relationship with the people so that they come to know about the exact problems and find out the solutions accordingly. The employees have the great zeal and enthusiasm towards their work in the organization. The HR personnel should be honest with the employees to convey the rules and policies of the organization clearly. An employee is an asset to the organization and the organization need to maintain that asset with motivation and financial support (Dobre, 2013).A satisfied employee is one who knows his importance and values and company need to put his efforts to retain the loyal and experienced employees by solving their problems and fulfilling their needs. The motivation and reward strategy are the best techniques to achieve the goals of the company. Basically, it is a two way strategy because both management and employees are accountable to work together with each other and maintains harmony at the workplace. It is concluded from the argument that the employees need to express about their likings and disliking about the management. By doing this, the employees of the company make good relationship with the management and also improves the working environment of the organization. Thus the reward strategy is the best strategy to motivate the employees. The employee job satisfaction is very important if the company is providing good amount of incentives to their employees. However, there are many companies who introduce a suggestion box to know about the drawbacks and issues related to the management from the subordinates. References Baijumon, P., 2015. Organisational theory and behaviour, Available at: https://www.universityofcalicut.info/SDE/I_MCom_Organizational_theory_and_behaviour_on16March2016.pdf Burton, K., 2012. A Study of Motivation: How to Get Your Employees Moving, Available at: https://spea.indiana.edu/doc/undergraduate/ugrd_thesis2012_mgmt_burton.pdf Dobre, O., 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance, Available at: ftp://ftp.repec.org/opt/ReDIF/RePEc/rse/wpaper/R5_5_DobreOvidiuIliuta_p53_60.pdf Ganta, V., 2014. Motivation in the workplace to improve the employee performance. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, November, 2(6), pp. 1-10. Johnson, C., 1997. Employee motivation: A comparison of tipped and non-tipped hourly restaurant employees, Available at: https://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0000847/Johnson_Catherine_R_200512_MS.pdf.pdf Kuranchie-Mensah, E. Amponsah-Tawiah, K., 2016. Employee Motivation and Work Performance: A Comparative Study. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 9(2), pp. 255-309. Sager, D., 2011. Leadership and Employee Motivation, Available at: https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/537/Sager_Leadership.pdf?sequence=2 Schmitz, A., 2012. An Introduction to Organizational Behavior, Available at: https://2012books.lardbucket.org/pdfs/an-introduction-to-organizational-behavior-v1.0.pdf Shanks, N., 2011. Management and motivation: Jones and Bartlett publishers, Available at: https://www.jblearning.com/samples/076373473X/3473X_CH02_4759.pdf Team, M. C., 2012. Motivation and its theories, Available at: https://managementconsultingcourses.com/Lesson20MotivationItsTheories.pdf

Dracula by Bram Stoker Essay Example For Students

Dracula by Bram Stoker Essay Both these novels are typically gothic horror and share those typical characteristics. Gothic horror is a type of text most popular between 1760-1028 (when both texts where written. ) Its popularity has had a considerable influence in fictional, novels short stories and films of this period. Both texts I have been analysing share characteristics of a gothic horror genre. Both novels use characteristics such as science, religion, superstition/ supernatural, punctuation and the Gothic Horror. Shelley and Stoker wrote their novels in the nineteenth century, a century full of people who seemed to have been obsessed with the Gothic tradition and the supernatural. Many authors were inspired to write great horror stories during this time, so the Gothic tradition is reflected in their work and used as a device to build tension, suspense and fear within the readers mind. Both texts share similar and different characteristics of the gothic horror genre. As with all horror stories there is a degree of superstition and the supernatural. This is not a major feature within Frankenstein, but Shelley does suggest things through symbolism. When Frankenstein first gets the idea of toying with nature, Shelley indicates the consequences of this. Frankenstein thus witnesses, . a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed symbolising his future, a moral statement, showing that although you are able to create life through electricity and science, it is equally as easy to destroy it by the same means His thoughts of reincarnation are developed, and so his life shall be destroyed. Draculas roots lie in superstition and the supernatural. Within chapter one of the novel, Jonathan notices blue flames on both sides of the coach. It is indicated that the flames are what is known as the will-o-the-wisp. Superstition shows that a will-o-the-wisp usually appears on burial mounds. The number of blue flames increase as the coach draws closer to Castle Dracula, suggesting that something is going to happen when Jonathan reaches the castle. Many Gothic descriptions and ideas are expressed vividly within chapter one of Dracula. As Jonathan travels towards Castle Dracula, there are many descriptions of the surrounding countryside. The countryside is seen by Jonathan as being, deep blue and purple in the shadows and an endless perspective of jagged rock and pointed crags. This is a device used in order to suggest what is to happen later on. Gothic novelists, often to suggest darkness and death, mainly use the colours of blue and purple. When Jonathan first meets Dracula at his castle he describes his hand as more like the hand of a dead than a living man. This is arguably an example of dramatic irony because the reader, unlike Jonathan, is aware that Dracula is deceased and in a state of living dead. Jonathan fleeing from the place shows his fear therefore reflecting fear to the reader.